NORMANZII (cultura şi civilizaţie britanica-"anglia si spiritul englez")



La 25 decembrie 1066, catedrala Westminster Abbey a găzduit ceremonia de încoronare a ducelui William de Normandia ca rege al Angliei. în ciuda victoriei repurtate la Hastings, a capitulării Londrei şi Winchester-ului, poziţia lui William se putea defini ca fiind încă precară. Alţi cinci ani aveau să treacă pentru ca noul rege să iie încrezător în caracterul complet al cuceririi. Revolte îndreptate împotriva stăpânirii normande s-au desfăşurat anual în intervalul 1067-1070: în Kent, în sud-vest, în mlaştinile galeze, în ţinutul Fenland şi în nord. Normanzii au fost nevoiţi să trăiască asemenea unei armate de ocupaţie, locuind, hrănindu-se şi adăpostindu-se laolaltă în interiorul unităţilor operative. De asemenea, au fost nevoiţi să-şi construiască castele - puncte de fortificaţie din interiorul cărora o mână de oameni să poată supune o populaţie vastă. E foarte posibil ca numărul normanzilor să fi fost doar de ordinul a 10 000, în comparaţie cu cel al populaţiei băştinaşe, ostile invadatorilor, populaţie ce cuprindea aproximativ 1-2 milioane locuitori. Fără îndoială, mulţi englezi erau dispuşi să coopereze cu noua stăpânire; aşa se explică, în realitate, succesul tentativei normande de a prelua controlul atâtor instituţii anglo-saxone. Există însă numeroase dovezi ale unei opoziţii fireşti, manifestată de englezi faţă de obligativitatea asumării unui statut de majoritate asuprită în propria ei ţară. Anii de nesiguranţă aveau să marcheze profund mersul istoriei ulterioare. Această perioadă a însemnat nu doar preluarea puterii de către o nouă familie regală, ci însăşi constituirea unei noi clase stăpânitoare, precum şi asimilarea unei noi limbi şi a unei noi culturi. Se poate afirma cu certitudine că. momentul 1066 pentru Anglia se numără printre puţinele din Europa care s-au soldat cu urmări atât de dezastruoase pentru învinşi.








sursa : C. Nicolescu-Anglia si Spiritul Englez


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"The Wife of Bath's Tale" (Middle EnglishThe Wyves Tale of Bathe) and prologue are among the best-known of Geoffrey Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales. They give insight into the role of women in the Late Middle Ages and are probably of interest to Chaucer himself, for the character is one of his most developed ones, with her prologue twice as long as her tale. He also goes so far as to describe two sets of clothing for her in his General Prologue. She holds her own among the bickering pilgrims, and evidence in the manuscripts suggests that although she was first assigned a different, plainer tale—perhaps the one told by the Shipman—she received her present tale as her significance increased. She calls herself both Alyson and Alys in the prologue, but to confuse matters these are also the names of her 'gossib' (a close friend or gossip), whom she mentions several times, as well as many female characters throughout The Canterbury Tales.


prose translation




modern interlinear verse translation



wife of bath -
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ANGLO-SAXONII (cultura şi civilizaţie britanica-"anglia si spiritul englez")



Dovezile arheologice indică faptul că războinicii de origine germanică se aflau pe teritoriul Britaniei încă cu câţiva ani înainte de 410. Printre acestea, mormintele datând din perioada târzie a Imperiului Roman descoperite de-a lungul văii inferioare a Tamisei, de la Oxfordshire şi până pe coasta Essex-ului, atestă faptul că era vorba de mercenari de origine francă şi saxonă din armata romană. Dacă astfel de trupe se aflau staţionate în Britania, tot aşa cum se aflau în Galia, invadatorii de la mijlocul secolului al V-lea n-au făcut decât să urmeze generaţiile cu care ele se înrudeau. S-a vorbit nu o dată despre aceşti mercenari găzduiţi care s-au stabilit pe teritoriul britanic în jurul anului 400 pentru a supraveghea împrejurimile Londrei. Dacă această ipoteză este validă, atunci putem vorbi despre existenţa anglo-saxonă încă de pe timpul dominaţiei romane.

Anglo saxonii


sursa : C. Nicolescu-Anglia si Spiritul Englez


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NORWEGIAN PRONOUNS (english)

Norwegian pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about), indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verb's subject). 


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The Reeve's Tale" is the third story told in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. The reeve, named Oswald in the text, is the manager of a large estate who reaped incredible profits for his master and himself. He is described in the Tales as skinny and bad-tempered. The Reeve had once been a carpenter, a profession mocked in the previous Miller's Tale. Oswald responds with a tale that mocks the Miller's profession.



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CHAUCER-CANTEBURY TALES :The Miller's Tale (modern english verse translation)

PROLOGUE


Words between the Host and the Miller

Now when the worthy Knight his tale had told, In all the group there wasn't young or old 3110 Who didn't say it was a noble story, One well to be remembered for its glory (The gentlefolk believed this all the more). "As I may walk," our Host then laughed and swore, "This goes all right, the bag's been opened well. 3115 Let's see who's next now with a tale to tell, For truly has the game been well begun. So tell us now, Sir Monk, if you know one Of any kind to match the Knight's good tale." The Miller, so completely drunk and pale 3120 That on his horse he insecurely sat, Unwilling to remove his hood or hat, Would not await his turn with courtesy But in a voice like Pilate's bellowed he And swore, "By arms and blood and every bone, 3125 I have a noble story! I'll go on With it and match the good Knight with his tale." Our Host could see that he was drunk with ale, And said, "Now, Robin, wait, beloved brother, Some better man shall tell us first another. 3130 Let's work this thriftily, await your spot." "By God's soul," said the Miller, "I will not. I'll either speak or else be on my way." Our Host said, "What the devil, have your say! You are a fool, your wit is overcome." 3135 "Now listen," said the Miller, "all and some! I want to make a statement first: I know That I am drunk by how I'm sounding, so If I should be remiss in what I say, Attribute it to Southwark ale, I pray. 3140 For I will tell a legend and a life Both of a carpenter and of his wife, And how a student made him look the sap." The Reeve here interjected, "Shut your trap! Let's have no lewd and drunken ribaldry. 3145 It's sinful folly to cause injury To any man, to be defaming him, To bring up wives and start defaming them. You have enough of other things to say." This drunken Miller answered right away, 3150 Saying, "Dear brother Oswald, he who's got No wife is not a cuckold. I do not Mean to suggest by that that you are one. Although there's many a good wife, far from none, For every thousand good ones there's a bad. 3155 You know that well unless you're raving mad. Why, then, are you so angry with my story? I have a wife as well as you, by glory, Yet I'd not, for the oxen in my plow, Take more upon myself by thinking now 3160 That I'm also a cuckold. In my mind I'm certain that I'm nothing of the kind. One shouldn't be inquiring anyway Into God's privities or his spouse's. May He find God's plenty in her, that's enough, 3165 He shouldn't pry into that other stuff." What more should I say of this Miller than He would not hold his tongue for any man But told his churlish tale as he saw fit? Here I regret to be retelling it. 3170 And therefore all your gentlefolk, I pray, For love of God, don't think what I must say Is with an ill intent; I must recount The bad tales with the good or else discount Material and thereby falsify. 3175 Those wishing not to hear it, pass it by, Just turn the page and choose another sort; You'll find all kinds of tales, both long and short, That touch on genteel things, on history, On holiness, and on morality. 3180 Don't blame me if you choose the wrong one, though; The Miller is a churl as you well know, As was the Reeve (and others were as well), And both of them had lusty tales to tell. So be advised and don't hold me to blame; 3185 Men shouldn't take too seriously a game.

The Miller's Tale

In Oxford there once lived a rich old lout Who had some guest rooms that he rented out, And carpentry was this old fellow's trade. A poor young scholar boarded who had made 3190 His studies in the liberal arts, but he Had turned his fancy to astrology And knew the way, by certain propositions, To answer well when asked about conditions, Such as when men would ask in certain hours 3195 If they should be expecting drought or showers, Or if they asked him what was to befall Concerning such I can't recount it all. This student's name was Nicholas the Handy. He led a secret love life fine and dandy, 3200 In private always, ever on the sly, Though meek as any maiden to the eye. With Nicholas there were no other boarders, He lived alone, and had there in his quarters Some fragrant herbs, arranged as best to suit, 3205 And he himself was sweeter than the root Of licorice or any herb at all. His Almagest and books both great and small, An astrolabe for plotting outer space, And counters used in math were all in place 3210 On shelves between the headposts of his bed. His storage chest was draped with cloth of red, And on its top there lay a psaltery On which at night he'd play a melody, So sweet a sound that all the chamber rang; 3215 And Angelus ad virginem he sang, And after that would follow "The King's Note." Folks often praised him for his merry throat. And this was how this sweet clerk's time was spent, While friends provided money for his rent. 3220 The carpenter had newly wed a wife, One whom he loved more than his very life; Her age was eighteen years. He jealously Kept her as if inside a cage, for she Was one both young and wild, and he had fears 3225 Of being a cuckold, so advanced in years. Not educated, he had never read Cato: one like himself a man should wed, He ought to marry mindful of his state, For youth and age are often at debate. 3230 But since he had been captured in the snare, Like others folks he had his cross to bear. And fair this young wife was! She had withal A body like a weasel, slim and small. She wore a belt with little stripes of silk; 3235 An apron was as white as morning milk Upon her loins, pleated daintily. Her white smock, too, had fine embroidery; The collar was embellished round about With lovely coal-black silk inside and out, 3240 And ribbons on the snowy cap she wore Were of the same silk that her collar bore. She wore a silken headband, broad and high. And certainly she had a wanton eye; Her brows were thinly plucked, and like a bow 3245 Each one was arched, and black as any sloe. Indeed she was a blissful sight to see, Moreso than any pear tree that could be And softer than the wool upon a wether. Upon her belt was hung a purse of leather, 3250 Silk-tasseled and with brassy spangles pearled. And there's no man so wise in all this world, Though you may go and search it every inch, Could dream a doll so lovely, such a wench. And brighter far did shine her lovely hue 3255 Than gold coins in the Tower when they're new. Her song was loud and lively as the call Of any swallow perching on the wall. She'd skip about and play some game or other As any kid or calf behind its mother. 3260 Her mouth was sweet as any mead whatever Or as a hoard of apples on the heather. Skittish she was, just like a jolly colt, Tall as a mast, straight as an archer's bolt. The brooch on her low collar was as large 3265 As is the boss upon a shield or targe. Her shoes, well laced, high up her legs would reach. She really was a primrose, quite a peach, One fit for any lord to lay in bed Or any worthy working man to wed. 3270 Now sir, and sir again, it came to pass That one fine day this Handy Nicholas With this young wife began to flirt and play, Her husband off at Osney (anyway These clerks are cunning when it comes to what 3275 They want), and slyly caught her by the twat; "Surely," he said, "if I don't have my will, For secret love, dear, I'll have quite a spill." He held her hips as he went on to say, "My darling, you must love me right away 3280 Or I will die, God save me!" Like a colt Inside a shoeing frame she tried to bolt, She turned her face away defiantly. "Upon my faith, you'll get no kiss from me! Why, let me go," she said, "stop, Nicholas, 3285 Or I will cry 'Out!', 'Help me!' and 'Alas!' Unhand my body, show some courtesy!" But then for mercy he made such a plea And spoke so fairly, offering so fast His all to her, that she agreed at last 3290 To grant to him her love: she made her promise To be at his commandment, by Saint Thomas Of Kent, when she saw opportunity. "My husband is so full of jealousy, If you don't wait and privy be," she said, 3295 "I know right well that I'm as good as dead. You must be secret, keep this matter quiet." "Nay," Handy said, "don't you be worried by it. A clerk has for his time not much to show If he can't fool a carpenter." And so 3300 The two were in accord and gave their word To wait awhile as you've already heard. When Nicholas got through with all of this And felt her good below the waist, a kiss He gave her sweetly, took his psaltery, 3305 And played it hard, a lively melody. Now to the parish church it came to pass That in her Christian works and for the mass This good wife went upon one holy day. Her forehead shone as bright as day, the way 3310 She'd scrubbed it so when washing after work. Now in that church there was a parish clerk Whose name was Absalon. His curly hair Was shiny, bright as gold found anywhere, And spread out like a broad fan on his head 3315 With straight and even part. A healthy red Was his complexion, eyes gray as a gander. The tracery of Saint Paul's was no grander Than his shoes' openwork, with fine red hose. The lad was trimly dressed from head to toes; 3320 He wore a sky-blue tunic that in places Was tricked out with the loveliest of laces, And over it his surplice was as bright As any blossom seen, a purest white. A merry child he was, as God may save. 3325 He well could let your blood, and clip and shave, And draw you up a deed and quittance too. Some twenty different ways the fellow knew To demonstrate the latest Oxford dance; He'd kick his heels about and blithely prance 3330 And play some merry tunes upon the fiddle. Loud treble he was known to sing a little And he could play as well on the guitar. In Oxford there was not a single bar That he did not go visit with his act 3335 If there was any barmaid to attract. To tell the truth, a fart would make him squeamish, And he was always proper in his English. This Absalon so jolly, fond of play, Went with a censer on that holy day 3340 To cense the parish wives. And as he passed, Many a longing look on them he cast-- Especially on this carpenter's wife. Just looking at her made a merry life. She was so neat and sweet, this wanton spouse, 3345 That if he'd been a cat and she a mouse At once he would have caught her. Absalon, This parish clerk so jolly, full of fun, Could not, for the love longing in his heart, Take offerings from wives, he'd take no part, 3350 For courtesy, he said, and never might. The moon, when night had come, was full and bright As Absalon took guitar under arm, His thoughts upon whom he might wake and charm; Thus amorous and jolly, off he strode 3355 Until he reached the carpenter's abode Soon after cockcrow. He then took his station Beside a casement window, its location Right in the old man's bedroom wall. And there He daintily began to sing his air: 3360 "Now, dearest lady, if your will it be, It is my prayer that you will pity me." He sang and played the guitar right in tune. The carpenter awoke and heard him croon And said then to his wife, "Why, Alison, 3365 What's going on? Is that not Absalon Who's chanting there below our bedroom wall?" And she replied, "Yes, John, no doubt at all, As God knows, I can hear him tone for tone." Now shouldn't one leave well enough alone? 3370 From day to day this jolly parish clerk Wooed her till he was woebegone. He'd work Upon it night and day and never rest; He'd comb his spreading locks, he smartly dressed; By go-betweens and proxies he would woo 3375 And swore he'd be her servant ever true; He warbled to her like a nightingale; He sent her honeyed wine, some mead, spiced ale, And cakes still piping hot. And since she knew Of city ways, he offered money too; 3380 For some folks can be won by such largess, And some by blows, and some by kindliness. To show her his abilities so varied, He even went on stage, portraying Herod. But what would this avail him with the lass? 3385 For she so loved this Handy Nicholas That Absalon could elsewhere toot his horn; He had for all his labor only scorn. And so she made poor Absalon an ape, Made all his earnest efforts but a jape. 3390 The proverb tells the truth, it's not a lie, Here's how it goes: "The one nearby and sly Will always make the distant dear one hated." Though Absalon go mad, wrath unabated Because he was so far out of her sight, 3395 Nigh Nicholas was standing in his light. Well may you fare, O Handy Nicholas, For Absalon must wail and sing "Alas"! And so it was that on one Saturday The carpenter to Osney made his way, 3400 And Handy Nicholas and Alison Were in accord on what was to be done, That Nicholas should now devise a wile, This simple jealous husband to beguile; And if their little game turned out all right, 3405 She then could sleep in Handy's arms all night, As this was his desire and hers as well. So right away--no further words to tell, For Nicholas no longer meant to tarry-- He slyly to his room began to carry 3410 Both food and drink to last a day or two. He told her what to lead her husband through If he should ask for Nicholas: she'd say She didn't know his whereabouts, all day Upon the lad she had not laid an eye; 3415 She thought some malady he had was why, For though her maid cried out, the lad to call, He wouldn't answer any way at all. So this went on for all that Saturday; This Nicholas up in his chamber lay, 3420 And ate and slept, or did what he thought best, Till Sunday when the sun went to its rest. This simple carpenter began to wonder About him, if some ailment had him under. "By dear Saint Thomas, I'm now full of dread 3425 That things aren't right with Nicholas," he said. "O God forbid that suddenly he's died! For sure a ticklish world's where we abide; Today I saw 'em tote a corpse to kirk Though Monday last I saw the man at work. 3430 "Go up," he told his knave at once. "Go on, Call at his door, knock on it with a stone, See how it is, and tell me truthfully." The knave went up the stairway sturdily And cried out at the chamber door; he stood 3435 There pounding like a madman on the wood. "What are you at, O Master Nicholay? How can you sleep for all the livelong day?" All was for naught, for he heard not a sound. But then a hole low in the door he found 3440 (The one through which the cat was wont to creep), And through this hole he took a thorough peep Until at last he had the lad in sight. This clerk sat gaping upward as he might If he were staring off at the new moon. 3445 He went back down the stairs, and none too soon, To tell his master how he'd seen the man. To cross himself the carpenter began, And said, "Help us, I pray, Saint Frideswide! A man knows little of what shall betide. 3450 This man has fallen with his astromy Into some madness or some malady. I always figured it would end just so! God's privacy's a thing men shouldn't know. Yea, blessed always is the simple man 3455 Who knows his creed and that is all he can! So fared another clerk with astromy: He walked out through the fields to try to see The future in the stars, and got for it A fall into a fertilizer pit, 3460 One he had not foreseen. Yet by Saint Thomas, I pity Handy Nicholas. I promise, He shall be scolded for such studying, If that I may, by Jesus, heaven's King! Get me a staff, and neath the door I'll pry 3465 While you heave on it, Robin. By and by He'll come out of his studying, I'll bet." Then at the chamber door he got all set. His knave was very strong in any case And by the hasp he heaved it from its place, 3470 The door went falling in right to the floor. Nicholas sat as stonily as before, Continuing to gape into the air. The carpenter assumed it was despair; He took him by the shoulders mightily 3475 And shook him hard, and cried reproachingly, "What is it, Nicholay? Look down! Awake, Think on Christ's passion! Here the sign I make Now of the cross, from elf and evil sprite To keep you." He began then to recite 3480 At once a night spell on the walls about As well as on the threshold leading out: "O Jesus and Saint Benedict, we pray You'll bless this house from every demon's sway. Night falls--White Paternoster, help defeat her! 3485 Where have you gone, O sister of Saint Peter?" And then at last this Handy Nicholas Began to sorely sigh, and said, "Alas! Shall all the world so soon be swept away?" The carpenter replied, "What's that you say? 3490 On God, like we hard workers do, now think." And Nicholas then said, "I need a drink, And afterwards we'll speak in privacy Of certain things concerning you and me. I'll surely tell no other what I've learned." 3495 The carpenter went down, then soon returned, With a full quart of strong ale, up the stairs; And when they both had finished up their shares, Nick tightly shut the door. As to confide, This carpenter he set down by his side. 3500 He said, "Now, John, my host both kind and dear, Your word of honor you must give me here That to no man this secret you'll disclose; For it is Christ's own secret that I pose, And if you tell it, sad will be your fate. 3505 There's such a vengeance if you should relate What I'm to say, you'll reap insanity." "By Christ's own holy blood, it shall not be," Old John replied, "for I am not a blabber, No, I must say, I'm not an idle gabber. 3510 Say what you will, which I will never tell To child nor wife, by him who harrowed hell!" "Now, John," said Nicholas, "believe you me, I found this out through my astrology As I looked on the moon when it was bright. 3515 This Monday at a quarter of the night There shall come down so furious a rain Not half its force did Noah's flood contain. This world," he said, "in less than one small hour Shall all be drowned, so hideous the shower. 3520 Mankind shall thus be drowned and lose all life." The carpenter replied, "Alas, my wife! My Alison, alas! She too will drown?" And in his sorrow nearly falling down, He said, "No remedy will make it pass?" 3525 "Why, yes, by God," said Handy Nicholas, "If you'll work by sound learning and advice. Don't work from your own head, that won't suffice. As Solomon once said (and it is true), 'Work all by counsel and you'll never rue.' 3530 If you'll work by good counsel, I've no doubt That mast and sail we then can do without, For I will save your wife and you and me. Have you not heard how Noah came to be Saved by our Lord, who warned him beforehand 3535 That water was to devastate the land?" "Yes," said the carpenter, "quite long ago." "Have you not heard," said Nicholas, "also Of Noah's troubles with his fellowship Until he finally got his wife to ship? 3540 There is no doubt, I daresay, as to whether He would have given up his last black wether That she might have a vessel to herself. Do you know, then, what's best to do yourself? Haste is required, and for a hasty thing 3545 No time for preaching nor for tarrying. "Be off at once and fetch into this inn Three kneading troughs or tubs--we'll have one then For each of us; but see that each is large, So each of us may float as on a barge. 3550 And have therein some victuals too, at best Enough to last a day--fie on the rest! The waters will subside and go away At nine or so on the following day. But Robin must not know of this, your knave, 3555 And Jill your maid I also cannot save; Don't ask me why, for though you ask of me I will not tell a soul God's privity. Suffice it, John, lest you go raving mad, To have the same good grace that Noah had; 3560 Your wife I'll surely save without a doubt. Be on your way, get busy hereabout. "But when you have, for her and you and me, Secured these kneading tubs, then hang the three Up in the roof--and hang them very high, 3565 That our provision no man may espy. And when you have accomplished what I've said, And stored enough good fare to keep us fed, An ax besides to whack the cord in two When comes the rain, so we can ride it through; 3570 And when you've knocked a hole up in the gable, Toward the garden and above the stable, That we may freely pass upon our way Until the mighty shower's gone away, Then merrily we'll float, I undertake, 3575 Just as the white duck floats behind the drake. 'How, Alison! How, John!' I'll call to you. 'Be merry, for the flood will soon be through!' And you will say, 'Hail, Master Nicholay! Good morning, I can see you, it is day!' 3580 And then we shall be lords, throughout this life, Of all the world, like Noah and his wife. "But of one thing you must be warned about: Be well advised, on that night never doubt That when each one of us has gone on board, 3585 We must not speak a word. We can't afford One call or cry but only silent prayer, For it's God's own dear will that I declare. "Your wife and you, therefore, hang far apart; That twixt you two no sinful play may start 3590 (And I refer to sight as well as deed) This ordinance is said. God give you speed! Tomorrow night when everyone's asleep, Into our kneading tubs we then shall creep And there we'll sit awaiting God's good grace. 3595 Be on your way, I have no longer space To sermonize on this, and so I'll cease. It's said, 'But send the wise and hold your peace.' Well, you are wise, so you I needn't teach. Get going now and save us, I beseech." 3600 This simple carpenter went on his way With many an "Alas" and "Wellaway," And to his wife he told his privity. Now she was well aware, much more than he, Of what this cunning plan was to imply. 3605 She acted, though, as if about to die; "Alas! go now immediately," she said, "Help us escape or all of us are dead! I am the truest of devoted wives, So go, dear spouse, and help to save our lives." 3610 See what a great thing is emotion! Why, Of what one may imagine one can die, So deep is the impression it can make. This silly carpenter began to shake; He feared he was to witness verily 3615 Old Noah's flood come rolling like the sea To drown young Alison, his honey dear. He weeps and wails, he looks so sad and drear As many a sigh he heaves, a mournful sough. He goes and gets a kneading trough somehow, 3620 One tub and then another, which he then Has privately transported to the inn; In privacy he hangs them as instructed. Three ladders with his own hands he constructed By which they would go climbing rung by rung 3625 Up to the rafters where the tubs were hung. He put in each of them some cheese and bread And good ale in a jug, to keep them fed Sufficiently for what would be a day. Before beginning, though, all this array 3630 He had his knave and maid as well to go Upon an errand to London. And so Upon that Monday, as it drew to night, He shut the door, lit not one candlelight, Arranged all things to look as they should be, 3635 And up into their tubs then climbed the three. They sat the time a furlong takes to walk. Said Nick, "Now Paternoster, then no talk!" And "Mum," said John, and "Mum," said Alison. The carpenter's devotions were begun, 3640 He stilly sat, prayed to the Holy Spirit, And waited for the rain, intent to hear it. But dead asleep from all his weariness The carpenter soon fell--it was, I guess, Around the curfew time. Yet even then 3645 He sorely groaned, such pain his soul was in. (He also snored, the way his noggin lay.) Then down his ladder crept young Nicholay, And Alison down hers as softly sped; Without a single word they went to bed 3650 Right where the carpenter was wont to be. And there the revel and the melody! For there lay Alison and Nicholas-- What mirth and pleasant business came to pass!-- Until the bell of Lauds began to ring 3655 And friars in the chancel were to sing. Now Absalon, the amorous parish clerk (Still woebegone from being so lovestruck), Upon that Monday was down Osney way To join companions for some sport and play. 3660 While there he chanced to ask a cloisterer In private about John the carpenter. They went outside the church, and to this clerk The monk said, "I've not seen him here at work Since Saturday. I'd say, as best I have it, 3665 He's been sent out for timber by the abbot. For timber he will very often go And stay out at the grange a day or so. If not, he's surely at his house today. Which place he's at I can't for certain say." 3670 This Absalon was thrilled, his heart was light. "It's time," he thought, "to stay awake all night, For I saw not one stirring of the man About his door, not once since day began. "As I may thrive, at crowing of the cock 3675 Privately at his window I will knock, The one so low there in his bedroom wall. To Alison I'll speak and tell her all About my longing. This time I won't miss But at the least will get from her a kiss. 3680 That will be, by my faith, some consolation; My mouth has itched all day, a situation That is a sign of kissing at the least. And, too, last night I dreamt about a feast. Therefore I'll go and sleep an hour or two, 3685 Then I will stay up all the night and woo." At first cockcrow, at once from his repose This jolly lover Absalon arose And donned attire as smart as any viewed. Some cardamon and licorice he chewed, 3690 To scent his breath, before he combed his hair. A true-love herb as well he chose to bear Beneath his tongue, thereby to be exquisite. Then to the old man's house he made his visit. There quietly he stood beneath the casement 3695 (It reached down to his breast, so low its placement); He cleared his throat and spoke in softest voice: "What are you doing, honeycomb, my choice And fairest bird, my sweetest cinnamon? Awake and speak to me, sweet Alison. 3700 How little do you think upon my woe; I sweat for your love everywhere I go. No wonder that I sweat and slave for it: I'm longing as the lamb longs for the tit. Yes, darling, I have for you such a love 3705 You've got me mourning like a turtledove, My appetite's that of a maid," he cried. "Get from the window, jackass," she replied. "So help me God, there'll be no 'come and kiss me.' I love another and, by Jesus, he 3710 Is better far than you or I'm to blame. Unless you want a stoning, in the name Of twenty devils, let me sleep. Away!" "Alas," said Absalon, "and welladay, That my true love is ever so beset! 3715 At least then kiss me, if that's all I get, For Jesus' love and for the love of me." "Will you then go," she said, "and let me be?" "Yes, darling, surely," he was quick to say. "Get ready, then," she said, "I'm on my way." 3720 To Nicholas she whispered, "Shh, be still; Of laughter you're about to get your fill." Now Absalon got down upon his knees And said, "I am a lord by all degrees, For after this I hope there's more to follow. 3725 Come, grace me, darling, my sweet little swallow!" She opened up the window then with haste. "Come on," she said, "be quick, no time to waste, We don't want neighbors seeing you've come by." Absalon wiped his mouth till it was dry. 3730 The night was dark as pitch, as black as coal, And from the window she stuck out her hole; And Absalon, not knowing north from south, Then kissed her naked ass with eager mouth Before he was aware of all of this. 3735 Then back he started, something seemed amiss: A woman has no beard, he knew as much, Yet this was rough and hairy to the touch. "O fie!" he said. "Alas! what did I do?" "Tee hee," said she, and clapt the window to. 3740 Poor Absalon had reached a sorry pass. "A beard, a beard!" laughed Handy Nicholas. "God's body, this is really going swell." Poor Absalon heard all this very well, In anger had to give his lip a bite, 3745 And to himself he said, "I'll set you right." Who's rubbing now, who's scrubbing now his lips With dust, with sand, with straw, with cloth, with chips, But Absalon, who's crying out "Alas! May Satan take my soul if I'd not pass 3750 Up owning this whole town that I might be Avenged for this despite they've done to me. Alas," he cried, "I didn't turn aside!" His hot love then was cold, indeed had died; For from the time he kissed her naked ass 3755 He didn't give one cress for any lass, For he'd been cured of all his malady; All lovers he denounced repeatedly And wept just like a child who has been whipped. Across the street a little ways he slipped 3760 To see a blacksmith, Master Gervase, who Was known for plow parts, shares and coulters too, And at his forge was busy making more. This Absalon knocked softly at his door And said, "Quick, Gervase, get this door undone." 3765 "Who's there?" he asked. "It's me, it's Absalon." "Why, Absalon! By Christ's sweet tree, I say, Why up so early? Benedicite! What's ailing you? God knows, some merry girl Is what brings you out prowling in a whirl, 3770 And by Saint Neot you follow what I mean." But Absalon was caring not a bean For all his play, he didn't speak or laugh, For he had much more tow on his distaff Than Gervase knew. He said, "My friend so dear, 3775 This red-hot coulter in the chimney here-- Lend it to me. There's something I must do And then right soon I'll bring it back to you." "Why, surely," Gervase said, "if it were gold Or a poke of nobles in a sum untold, 3780 As I'm a smith, 'twould be yours every bit. But what the devil will you do with it?" "Let that," said Absalon, "be as it may. I'll tell you all about it when it's day." He grabbed it by the handle, which was cool, 3785 And quietly went out, and with the tool He went again to the carpenter's wall. He cleared his throat to give a little call And knocked upon the window as before. "Who's there?" he heard young Alison once more. 3790 "Who's knocking there? It is a thief, I'll bet." "Why, no," he said, "God knows, my little pet, It's Absalon. My darling little thing, I've brought for you," said he, "a golden ring. So help me God, my mother gave it to me. 3795 It's well engraved, it is a fine thing truly. I'll let you have it for another kiss." Now Nicholas was up to take a piss, And thought he would improve upon the jape And have him kiss his ass ere he escape. 3800 He hastened to the window, turned around, And stuck his bottom out without a sound, Both buttocks and beyond, right to the thighs. Then Absalon, who had to strain his eyes, Said, "Speak, sweet bird, I know not where thou art." 3805 And Nicholas at this let fly a fart So great it sounded like a thunderclap-- It nearly blinded Absalon, poor chap. But he was set with his hot iron to move, And Nicholas was smote right in the groove. 3810 Off came the skin a handbreadth wide and some, The hot iron had so burnt him in his bum, And from the smart he thought that he would die. Just like a madman he began to cry, "Help! Water, water! Help me, for God's sake!" 3815 The carpenter by then had stirred awake; He heard mad cries of "Water!" loud and clear, And thought, "Alas, the Flood of Noel's here!" He sat right up without the least ado And grabbed his ax and whacked the cord in two, 3820 Then down went everything--no time for sale Of any of his bread or any ale: He hit the floor, and there unconscious lay. Then Alison and Handy right away Cried out "Help!" and "Disaster!" in the street. 3825 The neighbors, high and low, ran there to meet, They stood and stared at poor unconscious John Who lay there on the floor so pale and wan, For from the fall he had a broken arm. But he himself was blamed for all his harm; 3830 For when he spoke, each word was then denied By Nicholas and Alison his bride. They made the claim to all that he was mad: Some ghastly fear of "Noel's flood" he had, A fantasy that had him so deranged 3835 Three kneading tubs the old man had arranged To buy and hang there in the roof above; And then he had implored them, for God's love, To sit up there and keep him company. The people laughed at such a fantasy; 3840 Up at the roof they all began to gape, And turned the old man's harm into a jape. No matter what the carpenter insisted, It was for naught, his reasons were resisted. With such great oaths the fellow was put down, 3845 He was considered mad throughout the town; Each learned man agreed with every other, Saying, "The man is mad, beloved brother," And everyone just laughed at all his strife. So she was screwed, the carpenter's young wife, 3850 Despite all jealous safeguards he could try; And Absalon has kissed her nether eye, And Nicholas is scalded in the rear. This tale is done, God save all who are here!
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Phonetics is so understandable with A COURSE IN PHONETICS and its CD! This best-selling text gets undergraduates painlessly into the subdiscipline of phonetics. Attuning your ear and practicing speech sounds is easy with the CD-ROM; over 4,000 audio files include many versions of English and almost 100 other languages. The CD also contains material for every chapter--recordings of words in the tables and performance exercises--and maps with links to sounds of the languages spoken in various areas of the world.

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SIR ORFEO adapted from middle english

    In the poem, Sir Orfeo, king of Thrace, loses his wife Heurodis (i.e. Eurydice) to the fairy king, who steals her away from under an ympe-tre (a tree propagated by grafting), probably an apple or cherry tree. Heurodis had visited the orchard the day before, accompanied by two maidens, to sleep beneath the shade of its branches, but when she had awoken from her midday nap, she was so distressed that they had to call for the help of knights to restrain her. In her sleep, she had been visited by the king of the Otherworld, she claimed, who was intent upon taking her to his underworld kingdom. Now, a day later, she is in the orchard again, as the king of the Otherworld has instructed her to be, and despite a posse of armed knights surrounding and protecting her, she vanishes away.






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C.S. LEWIS - THE ALLEGORY OF LOVE


"It is to be hoped that the purpose of this book is sufficiently
explained in the text and the preface need therefore be occupied
with nothing but thanks where thanks, so far as I can recall, are
due. But I cannot promise to remember all my debts, and I am well
aware, like the philosopher, that 'if I had succeeded in owing more, I
might then perhaps have gained more of a claim to be original'.
Of unambiguous debts my first is naturally to the Delegates of
the Clarendon Press and to the skilled and patient anonymities who
serve  them;  then  to  Dom  André  Wilmart,  O.S.B.,  for  careful
criticisms of the first two chapters; to Professor C. C. J. Webb for
his  helpful  interest  in  the  second;  to  the  Medieval  Society  of
Manchester University (and specially to Professor Vinaver) for their
kind hearing and useful discussion of the third; to Dr. C.T. Onions
for  subjecting  my  attempts  at  Middle  English  verse  to  that  best
criticism  in  which  all  distinction  between  the  literary  and  the
linguistic is resolved; and to Dr. Abercrombie, for all that is not
erroneous in the Appendix on Danger. The first chapter was read
and commented upon by Mr. B. Macfarlane and Professor Tolkien
so long ago that they have probably forgotten the labour, but I do
not therefore forget the kindness..."

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NORSK FONETIKK FOR UTLENDINGER AUDIO ØVELSE


AUDIO EXERCISES FOR THE BOOK THAT YOU CAN FIND HERE




CD 1



CD 2
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BRITANIA ROMANA (cultura şi civilizaţie britanica-"anglia si spiritul englez")


Expediţiile întreprinse de generalul roman lulius Caesar pe teritoriul Britaniei în anii 55-54 î.Hr. constituie dovada deciziei Romei de a-şi extinde graniţele Imperiului cu o nouă cucerire. Pentru Roma, întinderea stăpânirii sale nu era altceva decât materializarea misiunii divine ce-i revenea şi care se cuvenea îndeplinită pe măsură. Cucerirea Britaniei de către romani se va dovedi a 11 unul din punctele de răscruce ale istoriei acestui teritoriu.
   Triburile cu care romanii au venit în contact în Britania prezentau asemănări cu cele din Galia, deşi păreau să împărtăşească aceeaşi versiune britanică a limbii celte, precum şi o cultură în mare parte similară.
      Prima invazie a teritoriului britanic de către trupele lui lulius Caesar a avut loc în anul 55 î.Hr., ca o consecinţă a dorinţei comandantului de a intra în posesia unor date despre insulă, dar şi a intenţiei de a-i pedepsi pe belgii care acordaseră ajutor triburilor din Galia (azi teritoriul Franţei) în lupta lor împotriva invadatorilor romani. lulius Caesar a debarcat în Kent însoţit de câteva mii de soldaţi, deşi una din legiunile sale ameninţa cu răscoala, împotrivindu-se astfel deciziei comandantului de a invada regiunea de nord a insulei, zonă ce avea reputaţia de a fi populată de triburi mai sălbatice decât cele întâlnite în Galia.









sursa : C. Nicolescu-Anglia si Spiritul Englez


cumpara
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LONGMAN -Grammar of Spoken and Written English


Every time we write or speak, we are faced with a large array of choices: not only choices of what to say but of how to say it. The vocabulary and grammar that we use to communicate are influenced by a number of factors, such as the reason for the communication, the setting, the people we are addressing, and whether we are speaking or writing. Taken together, these choices give rise to systematic patterns of choice in the use of English grammar. Traditionally, such patterns have not been included as part of grammar. Most grammars have focused on structure, describing the form and (sometimes) meaning of grammatical constructions out of context. They have not described how forms and meanings are actually used in spoken and written discourse. But for someone learning about the English language for the purposes of communication, it is the real use of the language that is important. It is not enough to study just the grammatical forms, structures, and classes. These tell us what choices are available in the grammar, but we also need to understand how these choices are used to create discourse in different situations. The year 1999 saw the publication of a large-scale grammar of English with the aim of meeting the above needs: the Longman Grammar o Spoken and f Written English (LGSWE). This was the outcome of an international research project which lasted seven years. Now, we have written a revised, simplified, and shortened version of LGSWE for use by advanced students and their teachers





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Ne intalnim la ora 17 SAU Ne intalnim la orele 17? Bem un pahar de lapte SAU Bem un pahar cu lapte?Eu continui cursa SAU Eu continuu cursa? Cartea care o citesc acum este excelenta SAU Cartea pe care o citesc acum este excelenta? Trebuie luate masuri urgente SAU Trebuiesc luate masuri urgente? Sunt numai cateva dintre ezitarile firesti ale multor vorbitori de astazi, mai ales in conditiile aparitiei unor noi tratate care reglementeaza normele ortografice, aducand schimbari inca insuficient cunoscute. 77 de raspunsuri argumentate simplu si clar sunt puse, asadar, la dispozitia oricarui cititor interesat de corectitudinea propriei exprimari si de felul cum arata limba romana! 



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EVERYMAN (late-15th-century English morality play)


Everyman is late-15th-century English morality play. Called by Death, Everyman can persuade none of his friends - Beauty, Kindred, Worldly Goods - to go with him, except Good Deeds.
                                            Characters
Everyman-------------------------Strength
God: Adonai----------------------Discretion
Death-----------------------------Five-Wits
Messenger------------------------Beauty
Fellowship------------------------Knowledge
Cousin----------------------------Confession
Kindred---------------------------Angel
Goods-----------------------------Doctor
Good-Deeds
The Somonyng of Everyman (The Summoning of Everyman), usually referred to simply asEveryman, is a late 15th-century English morality play. Like John Bunyan's novel Pilgrim's ProgressEveryman examines the question of Christian salvation by use of allegorical characters, and what Man must do to attain it. The premise is that the good and evil deeds of one's life will be tallied by God after death, as in a ledger book. The play is the allegorical accounting of the life of Everyman, who represents all mankind. In the course of the action, Everyman tries to convince other characters to accompany him in the hope of improving his account. All the characters are also allegorical, each personifying an abstract idea such as Fellowship, (material) Goods, and Knowledge. The conflict between good and evil is dramatized by the interactions between characters.

HERE BEGINETH A TREATISE HOW THE HIGH FATHER OH HEAVEN SENDETH DEATH TO SUMMON EVERY CREATURE TO COME AND GIVE ACCOUNT OF THEIR LIVES IN THIS WORLD AND IS IN MANNER OF A MORAL PLAY.



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SPENSER- THE FAERIE QUEEN



The Faerie Queene is an incomplete English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. The first half was published in 1590, and a second installment was published in 1596The Faerie Queeneis notable for its form: it was the first work written in Spenserian stanza and is one of the longest poems in the English language. It is an allegorical work, written in praise of Queen Elizabeth I. In a completely allegorical context, the poem follows several knights in an examination of several virtues. In Spenser's "A Letter of the Authors," he states that the entire epic poem is "cloudily enwrapped in allegorical devises," and that the aim of publishing The Faerie Queene was to “fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.”






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